Euoplocephalus - Facts and Figures

Euoplocephalus - Facts and Figures Name: Euoplocephalus (Greek for well-armored head); pronounced YOU-oh-plo-SEFF-ah-luss Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and two tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large spines on back; quadrupedal posture; clubbed tail; armored eyelids About Euoplocephalus Probably the most evolved, or derived, of all the ankylosaurs, or armored dinosaurs, Euoplocephalus was the Cretaceous equivalent of the Batmobile: this dinosaurs back, head and sides were completely armored, even its eyelids, and it wielded a prominent club on the end of its tail. One can imagine that the apex predators of late Cretaceous North America (such as Tyrannosaurus Rex) went after easier prey, since the only way to kill and eat a full-grown Euoplocephalus would be to somehow flip it onto its back and dig into its soft bellya process that might entail a few cuts and bruises, not to mention the occasional loss of limb. Although its close cousin Ankylosaurus gets all the press, Euoplocephalus is the best-known ankylosaur among paleontologists, thanks to the discovery of over 40 more-or-less complete fossil specimens (including about 15 intact skulls) in the American west. However, since the remains of multiple Euoplocephalus males, females, and juveniles have never been found heaped together, its likely that this plant-eater led a solitary lifestyle (though some experts hold out hope that Euoplocephalus roamed the North American plains in small herds, which would have afforded them an extra layer of protection against hungry tyrannosaurs and raptors). As well-attested as it is, theres still a lot about Euoplocephalus that we dont understand. For example, theres some debate about how usefully this dinosaur could wield its tail club in combat, and whether this was a defensive or offensive adaptation (one can imagine male Euoplocephalus bonking each other with their tail clubs during mating season, rather than trying to use them to intimidate a hungry Gorgosaurus). There are also some tantalizing hints that Euoplocephalus may not have been as slow and plodding a creature as its anatomy would indicate; perhaps it was able to charge at full speed when enraged, like an angry hippopotamus! Like many dinosaurs of North America, the type specimen of Euoplocephalus was discovered in Canada rather than the U.S., by the famous Canadian paleontologist Lawrence Lambe in 1897. (Lambe originally named his discovery Stereocephalus, Greek for solid head, but since this name turned out to be already preoccupied by another animal genus, he coined Euoplocephalus, well-armored head, in 1910.) Lambe also assigned Euoplocephalus to the stegosaur family, which was not quite as big a blunder as it may seem, since stegosaurs and ankylosaurs are both classified as thyreophoran dinosaurs and not as much was known about these armored plant-eaters 100 years ago as it is today.

Future Tenses Review Quiz for ESL

Future Tenses Review Quiz for ESL This quiz reviews future forms including: Future simple - Used for predictions, spontaneous reactions and promisesFuture with going to - Used for plans events and things you see are about to occurFuture perfect - Used for what will have been completed by a future moment in timeFuture continuous - Used for what will be happening at a specific moment in time in the futurePresent continuous for the future - Used for scheduled events in the future Future Forms Quiz Choose the correct future form in brackets and type it into the box. Click on the button to check your answer. Peter knows that he (will / is going to) fly to Chicago next week.Oh no! Ive broken the vase. What (am I going to say / will I say)?Jack (is having / will have) a dinner party next Saturday.By the time you arrive, Ill (have been / be) working for two hours.John hasnt eaten. - Dont worry (I will make / I am going to make) him a sandwich.Well go out for dinner when he (gets in / will get in).Unless he arrives soon, we (will not go/ are not going) to the party.(I will be studying / I will have studied) at 9 tomorrow evening.(We will have finished / We will finish) by 9 oclock.Look at those clouds! It (is going to rain / will rain)! Quiz Answers Peter knows that he is going to fly to Chicago next week. -  Use the future with going to to express future plans.  Oh no! Ive broken the vase. What will I say? -  Use the future with will when reacting to something that happens at the time of speaking.  Jack is having a dinner party next Saturday. -  Its possible to use the present continuous when speaking about scheduled events in the future.  By the time you arrive, Ill have been working for two hours. -  Use the future perfect to state what will have been finished before a time in the future.John hasnt eaten. - Dont worry I will make him a sandwich. -  Use the future with will to react to a present situation.  Well usually  go out for dinner when he gets in. -  Use the future with will when using when in the same sense as if.  Unless he arrives soon, we will not go to the party. -  Use the future with will in real conditional (first conditional) sentences.  I will be studying at nine tomorrow evening. -  Use the future continuous to express what will be happening at a specific moment in the future.   We will have finished by nine oclock. -  Use the future perfect to express something that will be completed by a specific time in the future.  Look at those clouds! It is going to rain! -  Ã‚  Use the future with going to when you can see that something is about to happen.   If youve had difficulty understanding the reasons for these forms, make sure to review future forms and then take the quiz again.